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Sweetness that comes at a price: Sugar substitutes may affect the human body in unanticipated ways

WEIZMANN INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE

artificial sweetener

A controlled trial suggests that non-nutritive sweeteners affect the human gut microbes and may alter glucose metabolism; the effects vary greatly among individuals

FAB RESEARCH COMMENT:

Artificial sweeteners may lack the calories of sugar, but there still remains no good evidence that they actually help with weight control.

Instead, increasing evidence over many years shows that they may even do the opposite - at least for some individuals - by changing the balance of gut microbes in a way that actually promotes glucose intolerance, and increases risks for both Type 2 diabetes and obesity.

These adverse effects of artificial sweeteners on gut microbial balance and metabolism were first demonstrated eight years ago (see: Sweeteners 'linked to rise in obesity and diabetes') - but have never been widely publicised.

This rigorous new study now confirms those initial findings, showing that all four of the different sweeteners tested affected the gut microbiome, and two of them - saccharin and sucralose - also impaired glucose tolerance.

The researchers also showed (via transplantation) that the gut microbial changes induced in humans produced similar effects on glucose tolerance in animals.

The researchers also confirmed their original finding that not all individuals were affected in the same way - consistent with the huge variety of factors now known to affect gut microbial composition, and its variability between individuals.

These findings have significant public health implications, given the widespread - and often 'hidden' - use of artificial sweeteners in ultra-processed foods and drinks, even if consumers do not actively choose to add these themselves. (However, as the researchers emphasise, this does not mean that added sugar is a healthy option either.)

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21/08/2022 - EurekAlert

Non-nutritive sweeteners – also known as sugar substitutes or artificial sweeteners – are supposed to deliver all the sweetness of sugar without the calories. But a controlled trial conducted by Weizmann Institute of Science researchers, published today in Cell, suggests that contrary to previous belief, such sweeteners are not inert: They do have an effect on the human body. In fact, some can alter human consumers’ microbiomes – the trillions of microbes that live in our gut – in a way that can change a person’s blood sugar levels. And the effects these sweeteners produce vary greatly among different people.

In 2014, a Weizmann Institute study in mice had shown that some non-nutritive sweeteners might actually be contributing to changes in sugar metabolism that they are meant to prevent.

In the new trial, a team of researchers headed by Prof. Eran Elinav of Weizmann’s Systems Immunology Department screened nearly 1,400 potential participants, selecting 120 who were found to strictly avoid any artificially sweetened foods or drinks. The volunteers were then divided into six groups. Participants in four of the groups were handed sachets of common non-nutritive sweeteners, containing amounts that were lower than the acceptable daily intake, one sweetener per group: saccharin, sucralose, aspartame or stevia. The two other groups served as controls.

The research was led by Dr. Jotham Suez, a former graduate student of Elinav’s and now principal investigator at the John Hopkins University School of Medicine, and Yotam Cohen, a graduate student in Elinav’s lab; it was conducted in collaboration with Prof. Eran Segal of Weizmann’s Computer Science and Applied Mathematics and Molecular Cell Biology Departments.

The researchers found that two weeks of consuming all four sweeteners altered the composition and function of the microbiome and of the small molecules the gut microbes secrete into people’s blood – each sweetener in its own way.

They also found that two of the sweeteners, saccharin and sucralose, significantly altered glucose tolerance – that is, proper glucose metabolism – in the recipients. Such alterations, in turn, may contribute to metabolic disease. In contrast, no changes in either the microbiome or glucose tolerance were found in the two control groups.

The changes induced by the sweeteners in the gut microbes were closely correlated with the alterations in glucose tolerance.

“These findings reinforce the view of the microbiome as a hub that integrates the signals coming from the human body’s own systems and from external factors such as the food we eat, the medications we take, our lifestyle and physical surroundings,” Elinav says.

To check whether changes in the microbiome were indeed responsible for impaired glucose tolerance, the researchers transplanted gut microbes from more than 40 trial participants into groups of germ-free mice that had never consumed non-nutritive sweeteners. In each trial group, the transplants had been collected from several “top responders” (trial participants featuring the biggest changes in glucose tolerance) and several “bottom responders” (those featuring the least changes in glucose tolerance).

Strikingly, recipient mice showed patterns of glucose tolerance that largely reflected those of the human donors.

Mice that received microbiomes from the “top responders” had the most pronounced alterations in glucose tolerance, compared to mouse recipients of microbiomes from “bottom responders” and from human controls. In follow-up experiments, the researchers determined how the different sweeteners affected the abundance of specific species of gut bacteria, their function and the small molecules they secrete into the bloodstream.

“Our trial has shown that non-nutritive sweeteners may impair glucose responses by altering our microbiome, and they do so in a highly personalized manner, that is, by affecting each person in a unique way,” Elinav says. “In fact, this variability was to be expected, because of the unique composition of each person’s microbiome.”

Adds Elinav: “The health implications of the changes that non-nutritive sweeteners may elicit in humans remain to be determined, and they merit new, long-term studies. In the meantime, it’s important to stress that our findings do not imply in any way that sugar consumption, shown to be deleterious to human health in many studies, is superior to non-nutritive sweeteners.”